
\begin{table}
\caption{Predicting nostalgia for various measurements with standardized dependent variables (mean of 0 and standard deviation of 1). Linear mixed-effects models with random intercepts for countries, parties, and elections. Standard errors in parentheses. 
       M1: Base dictionary; M2: Base dictionary + embeddings dictionary; M3: Base dictionary + positive sentiment; M4: Base dictionary + embeddings dictionary + positive sentiment; M5: Bag-of-words classifier (SVM); M6: Transformer-based classifier (DistilBERT).}
\begin{center}
\begin{footnotesize}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c}
\hline
 & \multicolumn{4}{c}{Dictionary-Based Methods (M1--M4)} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Machine Learning (M5--M6)} \\
\cline{2-5} \cline{6-7}
 & M1 & M2 & M3 & M4 & M5 & \textbf{M6} \\
\hline
(Intercept)           & $0.02$       & $-0.11$      & $-0.01$      & $-0.15$     & $0.17$      & $0.21$      \\
                      & $(0.10)$     & $(0.11)$     & $(0.10)$     & $(0.10)$    & $(0.13)$    & $(0.12)$    \\
Cultural Conservatism & $0.10^{***}$ & $0.08^{***}$ & $0.08^{***}$ & $0.07^{**}$ & $0.07^{**}$ & $0.08^{**}$ \\
                      & $(0.02)$     & $(0.02)$     & $(0.02)$     & $(0.02)$    & $(0.02)$    & $(0.02)$    \\
Government            & $0.12^{*}$   & $0.08$       & $0.11^{*}$   & $0.13^{*}$  & $0.08$      & $0.05$      \\
                      & $(0.05)$     & $(0.05)$     & $(0.05)$     & $(0.05)$    & $(0.05)$    & $(0.05)$    \\
Vote Share            & $0.00$       & $0.00$       & $0.00$       & $0.00$      & $-0.00$     & $-0.00$     \\
                      & $(0.00)$     & $(0.00)$     & $(0.00)$     & $(0.00)$    & $(0.00)$    & $(0.00)$    \\
Unemployment (t-1)    & $0.00$       & $0.02^{**}$  & $0.01$       & $0.02^{**}$ & $0.01$      & $0.00$      \\
                      & $(0.01)$     & $(0.01)$     & $(0.01)$     & $(0.01)$    & $(0.01)$    & $(0.01)$    \\
\hline
AIC                   & $4157.19$    & $4062.81$    & $4273.12$    & $4187.26$   & $4135.66$   & $4081.72$   \\
BIC                   & $4205.52$    & $4111.14$    & $4321.45$    & $4235.59$   & $4184.00$   & $4130.05$   \\
Log Likelihood        & $-2069.59$   & $-2022.40$   & $-2127.56$   & $-2084.63$  & $-2058.83$  & $-2031.86$  \\
N                     & $1588$       & $1588$       & $1588$       & $1588$      & $1588$      & $1588$      \\
N Groups: Parties     & $365$        & $365$        & $365$        & $365$       & $365$       & $365$       \\
N Groups: Elections   & $260$        & $260$        & $260$        & $260$       & $260$       & $260$       \\
N Groups: Countries   & $24$         & $24$         & $24$         & $24$        & $24$        & $24$        \\
\hline
\multicolumn{7}{l}{\tiny{$^{***}p<0.001$; $^{**}p<0.01$; $^{*}p<0.05$}}
\end{tabular}
\end{footnotesize}
\label{tab:main_rescaled}
\end{center}
\end{table}
